[57][b] Between 1933 and 1935, some 4,000 men were arrested; between 1936 and 1939, another 30,000 men were convicted. Roger Moorhouse, leading Third Reich historian and best-selling author Superbly scholarly and just as readable. [72] Despite fear of the Gestapo after mass arrests and executions in the spring, the opposition still plotted and planned. [137], Occupation meant administration and policing, a duty assigned to the SS, the SD, and the Gestapo even before hostilities began, as was the case for Czechoslovakia. Denunciation was the exception, not the rule, as far as the behaviour of the vast majority of Germans was concerned. [105] Browder also describes a sandwich effect, where from above; Gestapo agents were subjected to ideologically oriented racism and criminal biological theories; and from below, the Gestapo was transformed by SS personnel who did not have the proper police training, which showed in their propensity for unrestrained violence. The Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), abbreviated Gestapo (German: [ɡəˈʃtaːpo]; / ɡ ə ˈ s t ɑː p oʊ /), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. On 1 October 1946, the IMT rendered its judgement on 21 top Nazi figures: 18 were sentenced to death or to long prison terms, and three acquitted. The Poles identified and tracked German military trains to the Eastern front and identified four Order Police battalions sent to occupied areas of the Soviet Union in October 1941 that engaged in war crimes and mass murder. «Capo di S.M. E’ Hoannes Tuchel, direttore del memorial della Resistenza tedesco, a spiegare: “La salma di Mueller venne tumulata nel 1945 … Il campo della Fiera di Belgrado (1941-1942) di Milovan Pisarri Abstract: The Sajmište concentration camp. His direct subordinate Adolf Eichmann headed the Gestapo's Office of Resettlement and then its Office of Jewish Affairs (Referat IV B4 or Sub-Department IV, Section B4). Search All 1 Records in Our Collections. Members of the three convicted groups were subject to apprehension by Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and France. [22] This action effectively merged the police into the SS and removed it from Frick's control. This page was last edited on 27 December 2020, at 03:21. Nel caso delle SS, era l'amico personale di Hitler, Emil Maurice. Among the first to speak out were religious dissenters but following in their wake were educators, aristocratic businessmen, office workers, teachers, and others from nearly every walk of life. [139], Throughout the Eastern territories, the Gestapo and other Nazi organizations co-opted the assistance of indigenous police units, nearly all of whom were uniformed and able to carry out drastic actions. Traduzioni in contesto per "of the Gestapo" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: I was at the headquarters of the Gestapo. [115], After 1939, when many Gestapo personnel were called up for war-related work such as service with the Einsatzgruppen, the level of overwork and understaffing at the local offices increased. La Gestapo manteneva inoltre diversi ufficiali in ogni campo di concentramento, nello staff di ogni comandante in capo delle SS e della polizia e nel personale degli Einsatzgruppen. [74][75] Stauffenberg and his group were shot on 21 July 1944; meanwhile, his fellow conspirators were rounded up by the Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp. For example, in 1939 Stettin and Frankfurt am Main only had a total of 41 Gestapo men combined. [124] The "conventional criminality" category concerned economic crimes such as money laundering, smuggling and homosexuality. Hide Show Actress (7 credits) 1980 Masoch Irina 1978 Malabestia Alessandra 1977 Maldoror. Some participants were sent to concentration camps. [144] Whereas in France, the number of members in the Carlingue (French Gestapo) who worked on behalf of the Nazis was upwards of 30,000 to 32,000; they conducted operations nearly indistinguishable from their German equivalents. [98] The vast majority of Gestapo officers came from the police forces of the Weimar Republic; members of the SS, the SA, and the NSDAP also joined the Gestapo but were less numerous. Confidential office – hostile foreigners, Occupied territories – France, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Denmark (D4), Department E (Security and counterintelligence), Viktor Harnischfeger (Düsseldorf Gestapo Criminal Commissar). Yet a significant number of them still worked against the National Socialist government. Himmler also gained authority over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies, which were amalgamated into the new Ordnungspolizei (Orpo; Order Police), which became a national agency under SS general Kurt Daluege. Frasi simili. [95] It was the Gestapo chief, SS-Brigadierführer Heinrich Müller, who kept Hitler abreast of the killing operations in the Soviet Union and who issued orders to the four Einsatzgruppen that their continual work in the east was to be "presented to the Führer. [65], During May 1935, the Gestapo broke up and arrested members of the "Markwitz Circle", a group of former socialists in contact with Otto Strasser, who sought Hitler's downfall. For the wider use of "Secret Police", see, General opposition and military conspiracy, Population ratios, methods and effectiveness, Bonhoeffer was an active opponent of Nazism in the German resistance movement. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst; SD). With their trade union flags waving, Hitler gave a rousing speech to the 1.5 million people assembled on Berlin's Tempelhofer Feld that was nationally broadcast, during which he extolled the nation's revival and working class solidarity. Esempi. AbeBooks.com: Hitler a Milano: I crimini di Theodor Saevecke capo della Gestapo (Italian Edition) (9788879811002) by Borgomaneri, Luigi and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Hitler a Milano. Files, card, indexes, information and administration (C1), Department D (Occupied Territories), administration for regions outside the, Protectorate affairs, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, regions of Yugoslavia, Greece (D1). Mostra le traduzioni generate algoritmicamente. Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 31 dic 2020 alle 15:18. [63], Between 1934 and 1938, opponents of the Nazi regime and their fellow travellers began to emerge. [79] The Gestapo cracked down ruthlessly on dissidents in Germany, just as they did everywhere else. When asked for identification, an operative was required only to present his warrant disc and not a picture identification. [89], At the trial of any individual member of any group or organisation, the IMT was authorised to declare (in connection with any act of which the individual was convicted) that the group or organisation to which he belonged was a criminal organisation. [110] The Gestapo office in Saarbrücken had 50 full-term informers in 1939. Traduzioni in contesto per "turn you over to the" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: I mean she wants to turn you over to the police. Guarda gli esempi di traduzione di spacciasse nelle frasi, ascolta la pronuncia e impara la grammatica. [103] Heydrich thought along similar lines and advocated both defensive and offensive measures on the part of the Gestapo, so as to prevent any subversion or destruction of the National Socialist body. [22][23], The SiPo was placed under the direct command of Reinhard Heydrich who was already chief of the Nazi Party's intelligence service, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). [43] Meanwhile, the SA and police occupied trade union headquarters, arrested functionaries, confiscated their property and assets; all by design so as to be replaced on 12 May by the German Labor Front (DAF), a Nazi organization placed under the leadership of Robert Ley. Himmler's subsequent appointment to Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police) and status as Reichsführer-SS made him independent of Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick's nominal control. [111], According to Canadian historian Robert Gellately's analysis of the local offices established, the Gestapo was—for the most part—made up of bureaucrats and clerical workers who depended upon denunciations by citizens for their information. [78], Some Germans were convinced that it was their duty to apply all possible expedients to end the war as quickly as possible. [60] However, resistance groups and those who were in moral or political opposition to the Nazis were stalled by the fear of reprisals from the Gestapo. Hellmuth Becker - Head of SS Division Totenkopf. Individuals in Austrian resistance groups led by Heinrich Maier also managed to pass along the plans and the location of production facilities for V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks, and aircraft to the Allies. This disc identified the operative as a member of the Gestapo without revealing personal information, except when ordered to do so by an authorised official. [54] Homosexuals were correspondingly considered a threat to the Volksgemeinschaft (National Community). Although an agent in uniform wore the collar insignia of the equivalent SS rank, he was still addressed as, e.g., https://english.radio.cz/petscheks-palace-once-headquarters-nazi-secret-police-8575365, USHMM, "Law and Justice in the Third Reich", US National Archives, "German Police Records Opened at the National Archives", Avalon Project, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, The National Socialist Document Center of Cologne, "From Nazi to Criminal to Post-War Spy: German Intelligence Hired Klaus Barbie as Agent (20 January 2011)", "Press Release nr00-52: German Police Records Opened at the National Archives", Festung Furulund – magasinet – Dagbladet.no, Collection of testimonies concerning Gestapo activity in occupied Poland during WWII in "Chronicles of Terror" database, Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden), German National Movement in Liechtenstein, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen, Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls), National Socialist German Students' League, Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV), List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestapo&oldid=996526227, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with Norwegian-language sources (no), Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Reactionaries, liberals and opposition (A3). La Gestapo manteneva inoltre diversi ufficiali in ogni campo di concentramento, nello staff di ogni comandante in capo delle SS e della polizia e nel personale degli Einsatzgruppen. Both the Gestapo and Kripo became distinct departments within the RSHA. [102] Over time, membership in the Gestapo included ideological training, particularly once Werner Best assumed a leading role for training in April 1936. [94] Personnel assigned to these auxiliary duties were often removed from the Gestapo chain of command and fell under the authority of branches of the SS. [112] The Gestapo—at times—was overwhelmed with denunciations and most of its time was spent sorting out the credible from the less credible denunciations. Pupillo di Hermann Göring, Diels è stato a capo della Gestapo dal 1933 al 1934. [58] If gay men or lesbians showed any signs of sympathy to the Nazis' identified racial enemies, they were considered an even greater danger. Three groups were acquitted of collective war crimes charges, but this did not relieve individual members of those groups from conviction and punishment under the denazification programme. [128], While the total numbers of Gestapo officials was limited when contrasted against the represented populations, the average Volksgenosse (Nazi term for the "member of the German people") was typically not under observation, so the statistical ratio between Gestapo officials and inhabitants is "largely worthless and of little significance" according to some recent scholars. [53], Violence and arrest was not confined to that of opposing political parties, membership in trade unions, or those with dissenting religious opinions, but also homosexuality. [22], The Gestapo had the authority to investigate cases of treason, espionage, sabotage and criminal attacks on the Nazi Party and Germany. [130] "Selective terror" by the Gestapo, as mentioned by Johnson, is also supported by historian Richard Evans who states that, "Violence and intimidation rarely touched the lives of most ordinary Germans. They were subject to co-ordination by inspectors of the security police and SD on the staffs of the local higher SS and police leaders, however, and one of the principal functions of the local SD units was to serve as the intelligence agency for the local Gestapo units. [39] Because the Gestapo seemed omniscient and omnipotent, the atmosphere of fear they created led to an overestimation of their reach and strength; a faulty assessment which hampered the operational effectiveness of underground resistance organisations. [45] Increasing religious objections to Nazi policies led the Gestapo to carefully monitor church organisations. Nel 1929 Hitler lo nominò capo delle SS, carica che mantenne sino all'aprile 1934, quando divenne capo della Gestapo. Dal 1936 fu il capo supremo degli organi di polizia della Germania nazista e fu uno tra i maggiori responsabili dell'organizzazione dei campi di prigionia e di sterminio. [47] The extreme anti-Semitism and neo-Pagan heresies of the Nazis caused some Christians to outright resist,[48] and Pope Pius XI to issue the encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge denouncing Nazism and warning Catholics against joining or supporting the Party. [54] In 1934, a special Gestapo office was set up in Berlin to deal with homosexuality. However, these internal departments remained and the Gestapo continued to be a department under the RSHA umbrella. "[96], According to regulations issued by the Reich Main Security Office in 1940, women that had been trained in social work or having a similar education could be hired as female detectives. Need to translate "THE ARMS OF THE GESTAPO" from english and use correctly in a sentence? After Heydrich (who was staunchly anti-Catholic and anti-Christian) was assassinated in Prague, his successor, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, relaxed some of the policies and then disbanded Department IVB (religious opponents) of the Gestapo. Pubblicato da Roberto Speranza Mercoledì 22 giugno 2016 [106] This admixture certainly shaped the Gestapo's public image which they sought to maintain despite their increasing workload; an image which helped them identify and eliminate enemies of the Nazi state. A similar co-ordination existed in the local offices. [49][a], In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi records reveal that the Gestapo's Referat B1 monitored the activities of bishops very closely—instructing that agents be set up in every diocese, that the bishops' reports to the Vatican should be obtained and that the bishops' areas of activity must be found out. mostra. [124] Most of the political investigations took place between 1933 and 1935 with the all-time high of 57 cases in 1935. Gottlob Berger - Chief of Staff for Waffen-SS and head of the SS's main leadership office. [14] Himmler wanted to free himself entirely from Röhm, whom he viewed as an obstacle. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various security police agencies of Prussia into one organisation. Si ricongiunge cosi` al figlio e alla sua sposa. Intelligent Mr Toad is obsessed with removing the following information and edit warring to remove it In 1967 in Panama, Francis William Keith was accused of being Heinrich Mueller, the former head of the Gestapo, West German diplomats pressed Panama to extradite to Berlin for trial. [89] However, Gestapo leader Heinrich Müller was never tried, as he disappeared at the end of the war. [99] In 1939, only 3,000 out of the total of 20,000 Gestapo men held SS ranks, and in most cases, these were honorary. Tali ufficiali rispondevano alle autorità delle SS in cui venivano distaccati. This groundbreaking miniseries explores a decade in the lives of the members of an extended Jewish family and a German lawyer who becomes a Nazi officer. As late as 6 June 1944, Heinrich Müller—concerned about the leakage of information to the Allies—set up a special unit called Sonderkommando Jerzy that was meant to root out the Polish intelligence network in western and southwestern Europe. Female youth leaders, lawyers, business administrators with experience in social work, female leaders in the Reichsarbeitsdienst and personnel administrators in the Bund Deutscher Mädel were hired as detectives after a one-year course, if they had several years professional experience. Gestapo members Hermann Göring, Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Arthur Seyss-Inquart were individually convicted. [64] Most people quickly learned that open opposition was dangerous since Gestapo informants and agents were widespread. Storie di antifascismi (Archetipo, 2014) e ha curato Crimini di guerra. One of the more famous schemes, Operation Valkyrie, involved a number of senior German officers and was carried out by Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. On one hand, it was next to impossible for them to overthrow Hitler and the party; on the other, the Allied demand for an unconditional surrender meant no opportunity for a compromise peace, which left the military and conservative aristocrats who opposed the regime no option (in their eyes) other than continuing the military struggle. Il primo capo è diventato R. Diss. del Comando dei CC.RR. [113] The information supplied by denunciations often led the Gestapo in determining who was arrested. Il famigerato capo della Gestapo, Heinrich Mueller, nel 1945 fu sepolto nel cimitero ebraico di Berlino. Leading members of the most famous of these groups, the White Rose, were arrested by the police and turned over to the Gestapo. There were reports that Müller ended up in the foreign secret service at Washington D.C., some allege he was in Moscow working for the Soviets, still others claimed he escaped to South America—but none of the myths have ever been proven; all of which adds to the "mysterious power of the Gestapo". [25] He answered to Heydrich; Heydrich answered only to Himmler and Himmler answered only to Hitler. Soon only Prussia was left. However, certain Polish information about the movement of German police and SS units to the East during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the autumn of 1941 was similar to information British intelligence secretly obtained through intercepting and decoding German police and SS messages sent by radio telegraphy. Soon afterward, Göring detached the political and intelligence sections from the police and filled their ranks with Nazis. Later, nurses, kindergarten teachers, and trained female commercial employees with an aptitude for police work were hired as female detectives after a two-year course as Kriminaloberassistentin and could promote to a Kriminalsekretärin. Deans were to be targeted as the "eyes and ears of the bishops" and a "vast network" established to monitor the activities of ordinary clergy: "The importance of this enemy is such that inspectors of security police and of the security service will make this group of people and the questions discussed by them their special concern". Blacky e` diventato un leggendario capo della guerriglia. A rivelarlo è il quotidiano tedesco Bild. [102], The Canadian historian Robert Gellately wrote that most Gestapo men were not Nazis, but at the same time were not opposed to the Nazi regime, which they were willing to serve, in whatever task they were called upon to perform. A chilling, meticulous record of state brutality that is more compelling than any novel. These groups became a special focus of the Gestapo because of their insurrectionist goals—the overthrow of the Nazi regime, the re-establishment of an independent Austria under Habsburg leadership—and Hitler's hatred of the Habsburg family. [89], The Gestapo became known as RSHA Amt IV ("Department or Office IV") with Heinrich Müller as its chief. Gellately argued that it was because of the widespread willingness of Germans to inform on each other to the Gestapo that Germany between 1933 and 1945 was a prime example of panopticism. [118] For example, of the 84 cases in Würzburg of Rassenschande ("race defilement"—sexual relations with non-Aryans), 45 (54%) were started in response to denunciations by ordinary people, two (2%) by information provided by other branches of the government, 20 (24%) via information gained during interrogations of people relating to other matters, four (5%) from information from (Nazi) NSDAP organisations, two (2%) during "political evaluations" and 11 (13%) have no source listed while none were started by Gestapo's own "observations" of the people of Würzburg. [154], Leitstellung (district office) staff did wear the grey SS service uniform, but with police-pattern shoulderboards, and SS rank insignia on the left collar patch. Varying degrees of pacification and police enforcement measures were necessary in each place, dependent on how cooperative or resistant the locals were to Nazi mandates and racial policies. From 27 September 1939, it was administered by the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA). Genrih Gimmler a quel tempo guidato dal Ministero degli Affari Interni della Baviera e aveva alcuna relazione con il futuro della Gestapo. [108] In Germany proper, many towns and cities had fewer than 50 official Gestapo personnel. [6], The first commander of the Gestapo was Rudolf Diels, a protégé of Göring. Uno degli elementi più efficaci del nuovo regime fu la Gestapo, la polizia segreta nazista.. L'edificio, che oggi è la sede del Ministero dell'Istruzione e degli Affari Religiosi della Polonia, durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale fu il quartier generale della Gestapo a Varsavia. Blacky conduce il suo nugolo di diseredati nel sotterraneo e lo riallestisce. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed to the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, who was also appointed Chief of German Police by Hitler in 1936. The stricter laws did not apply to lesbians as their behavior was never officially criminalized, even though their behaviors were labeled "deviant". In addition, thousands of political prisoners throughout Germany—and from 1941, throughout the occupied territories under the Night and Fog Decree—simply disappeared while in Gestapo custody. [59] According to Gestapo case files, the majority of those arrested for homosexuality were males between eighteen and twenty-five years of age. When a group or organisation was thus declared criminal, the competent national authority of any signatory had the right to bring persons to trial for membership in that organisation, with the criminal nature of the group or organisation assumed proved. [8] Göring took over the Gestapo in 1934 and urged Hitler to extend the agency's authority throughout Germany. [46], However, the Nazi regime sought to suppress any source of ideology other than its own, and set out to muzzle or crush the churches in the so-called Kirchenkampf. [142], In places like Denmark, there were some 550 uniformed Danes in Copenhagen working with the Gestapo, patrolling and terrorizing the local population at the behest of their German overseers, many of whom were arrested after the war. These included the non-violent resistance of Hans and Sophie Scholl, two leaders of the White Rose student group. [126] Beyond that, sleep deprivation and various forms of harassment were used as investigative methods. sport. [56], Between June 1942 and March 1943, student protests were calling for an end to the Nazi regime. Sprezzante dei gravissimi rischi cui si esponeva, affrontò impavido i pericoli e le insidie della polizia nazifascista che lo perseguitava e lo ricercava. Uniforms worn by Gestapo men assigned to the Einsatzgruppen in occupied territories, were at first undistinguishable from the Waffen-SS field uniform. Runner Woman at Start Line on Red Athletic. [129] As historian Eric Johnson remarked, "The Nazi terror was selective terror", with its focus upon political opponents, ideological dissenters (clergy and religious organisations), career criminals, the Sinti and Roma population, handicapped persons, homosexuals and above all, upon the Jews. (2013). [7] Diels was best known as the primary interrogator of Marinus van der Lubbe after the Reichstag fire. [125], Normal methods of investigation included various forms of blackmail, threats and extortion to secure "confessions". [155], The Gestapo maintained police detective ranks which were used for all officers, both those who were and who were not concurrently SS members. [18] Both the SD and Gestapo released information concerning an imminent putsch by the SA. [109] "V-men", as undercover Gestapo agents were known, were used to infiltrate Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and Communist opposition groups, but this was more the exception, not the rule. [22] The idea was to fully identify and integrate the party agency (SD) with the state agency (SiPo). The New English Review - A monthly political/cultural magazine with a literary slant. [145], Between 14 November 1945 and 3 October 1946, the Allies established an International Military Tribunal (IMT) to try 22 major Nazi war criminals and six groups for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The SS officer Werner Best, one-time head of legal affairs in the Gestapo,[27] summed up this policy by saying, "As long as the police carries out the will of the leadership, it is acting legally". You have two hours left in which to confess everything. [148], These groups—the Nazi Party and government leadership, the German General staff and High Command (OKW); the Sturmabteilung (SA); the Schutzstaffel (SS), including the Sicherheitsdienst (SD); and the Gestapo—had an aggregate membership exceeding two million, making a large number of their members liable to trial when the organisations were convicted. [114] Gellately has also suggested that the Gestapo was "a reactive organisation" "... which was constructed within German society and whose functioning was structurally dependent on the continuing co-operation of German citizens". LibraryThing is a cataloging and social networking site for booklovers A.A.A. Klaus Barbie - Head of the Gestapo in Lyon. This was partly because of the Venlo incident of 9 November 1939,[69] in which SD and Gestapo agents, posing as anti-Nazis in the Netherlands, kidnapped two British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) officers after having lured them to a meeting to discuss peace terms. [135] Much like their affiliated orgainizations, the SS and the SD, the Gestapo "played a leading part" in enslaving and deporting workers from occupied territory, torturing and executing civilians, singling out and murdering Jews, and subjecting Allied prisoners of war to terrible treatment. Others were arrested simply on the basis of being "suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was reason to "suppose that his dealings might harm society". [19] Once persuaded, Hitler acted by setting Himmler's SS into action, who then proceeded to murder over 100 of Hitler's identified antagonists. Sabotage efforts were undertaken by members of the Abwehr (military intelligence) leadership, as they recruited people known to oppose the Nazi regime.
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